A Greenland shark caught in 2016 was carbon-dated to roughly 400 years old, meaning it was already swimming the Arctic when Shakespeare was writing Hamlet — and biologists still can't explain how its cells resist ageing

When Adobe announced Flash’s end-of-life in July 2017, it closed a technology that had once run on 99 per cent of desktops — and took with it an estimated four million animations, games and interactive works now preserved only by an amateur archive called Flashpoint

Adobe’s July 2017 announcement that Flash would reach end-of-life on 31 December 2020 quietly condemned two decades of web culture — a loss now partly held back by volunteers running a 1.5-terabyte archive called Flashpoint.

When Japan’s trade ministry put the PlayStation 2 under export control in April 2000, its 6.2-gigaflop hardware was considered adaptable for missile guidance, briefly forcing anyone exporting more than one console to seek government approval

For a few strange months in 2000, Sony’s new games console sat awkwardly on the same US export-control list as cruise-missile guidance computers — because the Emotion Engine inside it really was that fast.

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Every QR code hides three larger squares in its corners — they let a scanner find the code at any angle, and the pattern also carries enough redundancy to still read after roughly 30 per cent of the code is damaged or covered

Standard QR codes hide three larger squares in their corners so scanners can orient them from any angle, while their strongest Reed-Solomon setting can restore roughly 30 per cent of damaged codewords, though not necessarily 30 per cent of the visible square

In 1987, CompuServe engineer Steve Wilhite built GIF around LZW compression and a palette capped at 256 colours for users on 2,400-bit-per-second modems, and the file structure that emerged still governs the looping images moving through browsers and chats today

The QWERTY layout on your keyboard was designed in the 1870s to slow typists down — the arrangement kept commonly paired letters apart so the metal typebars of Christopher Sholes's mechanical typewriter would not jam mid-word

In a Milwaukee workshop in the 1870s, Christopher Latham Sholes spent years rearranging the keys of his mechanical Type-Writer so that commonly paired letters sat far apart, ensuring the metal typebars would swing from different directions and not jam mid-word

Ray-finned fishes evolved bioluminescence at least 27 chemistry and others by housing luminous bacteria, a repeated evolutionary experiment spread across deep-sea, inshore and reef lineages using different molecular machinery to make visible light

In 1858, engineers laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic — it worked for only three weeks before failing, but it cut the message time between London and New York from ten days to a matter of minutes, and set the pattern for every undersea internet cable since

In 1858, engineers laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic — it worked for only three weeks before failing, but it cut the message time between London and New York from ten days to a matter of minutes, and set the pattern for every undersea internet cable since

In 1988, a 23-year-old Cornell graduate student named Robert Morris released a self-replicating program to measure the size of the internet — within hours it had crashed roughly 6,000 of the 60,000 machines then online, and computer security became a field

In 1988, a 23-year-old Cornell graduate student named Robert Morris released a self-replicating program to measure the size of the internet — within hours it had crashed roughly 6,000 of the 60,000 machines then online, and computer security became a field

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